四川广元千佛崖石窟造像表面风化的环境地质问题分析     

宗静婷  王淑丽  张忠永 《地球科学与环境学报》2011,33(2):185-190

采用温湿度测试、石窟造像渗水实验、石窟造像吸水的红外成像、岩石特征分析等手段,对四川广元千佛崖石窟造像表面及其周围环境进行监测,以及对石窟造像岩石特征进行分析.结果表明:进深较大的窟室内外存在2℃～4℃的温差,岩石0～40 mm深度范围内温度与外界气温存在显著相关性;石窟造像岩石主要成分为长石、石英、黑云母及黏土矿物,...  相似文献   

防风化喷涂技术在鲁村煤矿回风暗斜井的应用          下载免费PDF全文

文增生  史春芝  单吉成 《山东国土资源》2011,27(9):45-47

基于煤巷锚网支护巷道受矿井潮湿环境影响出现的金属网锈蚀断裂、煤壁片帮、巷道失修等实际情况,使用方案比较的方法,分析了喷射混凝土封闭工艺和灰浆喷涂工艺优缺点,进而确定采用防风化喷涂技术进行施工。经实际应用,防风化喷涂技术对鲁村煤矿回风暗斜井的煤壁等四周围岩和锚杆、金属网起到了良好的封闭和防风化效果。保证了巷道正常的回风、行人需要,延长了巷道的服务期限。  相似文献   

珠江三角洲滨海小流域离子化学特征及来源分析   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

谢丽纯  陈建耀  董林垚  蒋华波 《热带地理》2011,31(2)

在分析中山大学滨海小流域水循环综合试验基地内雨水、河水和地下水离子组分的基础上,讨论了该小流域内水体离子化学组分的特征及来源。结果显示:①河水中TDS变化范围为28.97～44.64 mg/l,平均值为33.90 mg/l;在离子化学组成中,阳离子以Na++K+为主,阴离子以Cl-和HCO3-为主;雨水中TDS的变化范围为0.88～26.07 mg/l,平均值为8.42 mg/l,离子含量变化幅度较大;地下水TDS变化范围为39.49～113.16 mg/l,均值为58.11 mg/l,约为流域河水的2倍,雨水的7倍;②海盐沉降中Ca2+、Mg2+、Na+、K+、SO42-的贡献率:雨季分别为6%、60%、47%、2%和15%,旱季分别为3%、41%、54%、2%、9%;③硅酸盐风化中,雨季:(Ca/Na)sil=0.31,(Mg/K)sil=0.21;旱季:(Ca/Na)sil=0.36,(Mg/K)sil=0.27;CO2消耗率为12.4 t/(km2.a);④河水中的NO3-和(SO42-)res主要来源于大气酸沉降,且具有旱季含量低、雨季含量高的特点;⑤R1潜水井受到一定程度的NO3-污染,NO3-的...  相似文献   

Engineering characteristics and uses of duricrusts in Australia     

G. H. McNally 《Australian Journal of Earth Sciences》2013,60(6):535-547

The uses and shortcomings of duricrusts (ferricrete, calcrete and silcrete) in engineering construction (as used for road‐base, aggregate, foundation materials and aquifers) are reviewed. Australian production of these materials represents about one‐third of all unprocessed road‐base and they are especially important as pavement courses for lightly trafficked, low‐cost rural and outback roads. However, duricrusts are regarded as marginal materials at best because of their typically poor grading, particle unsoundness, high fines plasticity, and absorption of water and bitumen. These materials are used because they are available locally in areas that are otherwise lacking in hard rock materials, such as deeply weathered and sedimentary rock terrains. The weathering profiles of which they form part are characterized by high permeability (despite being clay‐rich), variable cementation, low compressibility and a tendency to become weaker with depth. Although the more indurated layers are unrippable, they are also difficult to blast. Pedogenic (nodular) duricrusts were formerly sought for natural road‐base, because they occur widely and require only rudimentary processing. However, well‐cemented groundwater (vadose) duricrusts are now the preferred deposits, even though they require crushing and screening. Ferricrete is the most widely exploited of the duricrusts for engineering purposes, especially in northern and southwestern Australia, although calcrete is important in South Australia and in the Murray Basin. Silcrete is only a minor source of aggregate and road‐base, mainly in western Queensland.  相似文献   

Modelling flow resistance in vegetated streams: review and development of new theory     

Julian C. Green 《水文研究》2005,19(6):1245-1259

Aquatic macrophytes are often the dominant factor influencing flow conditions within the channels they occupy. Existing knowledge of how stream plants affect the flow is outlined, and the different scales at which vegetation resistance operates are proposed. Resistance is shown to be a function of the size of the plants, their structural properties, location in the channel, and the local flow conditions. Current models to calculate this composite resistance effect are assessed in the light of theoretical considerations of the nature of vegetation resistance. New theory is also presented, which demonstrates the non‐linear relationship between channel resistance and the proportion of the channel occupied by vegetation. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

Nonlinear analysis of laterally loaded rigid piles in cohesive soil     

Lianyang Zhang  Saeed Ahmari 《国际地质力学数值与分析法杂志》2013,37(2):201-220

This article presents a method for the nonlinear analysis of laterally loaded rigid piles in cohesive soil. The method considers the force and the moment equilibrium to derive the system equations for a rigid pile under a lateral eccentric load. The system equations are then solved using an iteration scheme to obtain the response of the pile. The method considers the nonlinear variation of the ultimate lateral soil resistance with depth and uses a new closed‐form expression proposed in this article to determine the lateral bearing factor. The method also considers the horizontal shear resistance at the pile base, and a bilinear relationship between the shear resistance and the displacement is used. For simplicity, the modulus of horizontal subgrade reaction is assumed to be constant with depth, which is applicable to piles in overconsolidated clay. The nonlinearity of the modulus of horizontal subgrade reaction with pile displacement at ground surface is also considered. The validity of the developed method is demonstrated by comparing its results with those of 3D finite element analysis. The applications of the developed method to analyze five field test piles also show good agreement between the predictions and the experimental results. The developed method offers an alternative approach for simple and effective analysis of laterally loaded rigid piles in cohesive soil. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

坡面流层流区动力学特性   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1       下载免费PDF全文

杨苗  龚家国  赵勇  赵翠平 《水科学进展》2019,30(5):709-718

为完善坡面水流的基础理论研究,基于定床水槽试验,以甘油溶液为试验流体,采用超声波测量技术,进行了4种粗糙度、5种坡度和13种单宽流量条件下的组合试验,研究了坡面流层流区的动力学特性及滚波特征。研究结果表明:在雷诺数为8~160的范围内,流态指数在理论值0.33附近波动,且随粗糙度的增大呈现先增大后减小的变化趋势,在粗糙度为0.10 mm附近达到峰值;阻力系数受坡度和粗糙度影响显著,可较好地由坡度、粗糙度和雷诺数的关系式表示;随着雷诺数的增大,滚波波速和波峰均呈幂函数形式递增,滚波周期大小无明显变化;坡度的增大会使层流失稳临界单宽流量减小,粗糙度的增大会使临界弗劳德数的均值减小。  相似文献   

山区阶梯式河道水流阻力研究   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1       下载免费PDF全文

罗铭  张焕  丁锐  黄尔  杨奉广 《水科学进展》2019,30(5):719-726

山区阶梯式河道是自然界来水来沙和山区大比降河床相互作用所形成的,其水力特性、河道阻力较为复杂。为了深入研究其阻力机理,从河床结构阻水的角度提出阶梯式结构糙率尺度的概念,得到了适用于阶梯式河道跌落水流的形体阻力系数表达式,并由不同来源的阻力分量构成了新的山区阶梯式河道水流总阻力系数公式。新公式结果表明,通过不同类型河段的野外试验数据,表面泥沙、阶梯形状以及漂石产生的阻力系数分量之和与试验测量总阻力系数数据的误差较小。随着雷诺数和阶梯单元尺寸的增加,河床表面的泥沙肤面阻力系数基本不变,阶梯式结构形成的跌落水流过渡到滑行水流,阶梯形体阻力系数逐渐变小,而较大粒径松散漂石产生的水流阻力系数只随着雷诺数的增大而减小。  相似文献   

小冰期结束以来贡嘎山海螺沟冰川退缩区土壤化学风化与发育过程     

王小芳  邴海健  吴艳宏  祝贺  周俊 《第四纪研究》2019,39(5):1191-1202

选择海螺沟冰川退缩区,对冰川退缩年龄分别为0年、30年、40年、52年、80年、120年的样点按土壤发生层分层采集样品,通过分析样品的化学风化速率及理化性质变化,探讨小冰期结束以来土壤发育过程及影响因素,并评估不同阶段土壤质量。结果表明,退缩区前40年样点中主要以碳酸盐风化为主,80年后硅酸盐风化作用增强。土壤长期风化速率随土壤年龄呈现升高-降低-升高的趋势,52年样点长期风化速率最低,为48.06cmol/(m^2·a),矿物组成和气候是影响土壤风化速率的重要原因。土壤的粒度组成以砂粒为主,多数样点占比约为80%~90%。随着土壤年龄增加,容重值和pH减小,pH从8.54减小到5左右;土层厚度、土壤有机质(SOC)及总氮(TN)含量增加,这些土壤理化指标的快速变化表明冰川退缩区土壤发育迅速。适宜的温度、充足的降水以及快速的植被演替可能是退缩区土壤快速发育的原因。模糊数学法计算土壤质量的结果显示,除了0年样点,其余样点土壤质量指数(SQI)均大于0.4,说明退缩区土壤质量状况整体属于中等水平,土壤肥力状况较好。研究结果有助于揭示土壤矿物风化过程和土壤发育的影响因素,理解土壤发育机制。  相似文献   

雷州半岛玛珥湖区玄武岩的年代、地球化学特征及其意义     

汪苗  鹿化煜 《第四纪研究》2019,39(5):1071-1082

我国南部雷州半岛是亚洲季风影响的核心区,区域内田洋、青桐洋和九斗洋这3个干玛珥湖沉积序列可为揭示低纬地区亚洲季风的轨道尺度变化提供关键证据。查明这些玛珥湖的形成年代、基底玄武岩的地球化学组成及其风化产物特征,为进一步获得沉积序列的年代控制、揭示沉积物替代指标的古气候意义提供了基础。本研究对3个干玛珥湖基底的玄武岩进行了K-Ar测年、地球化学成分和玛珥湖周围风化剖面粘土矿物的测试分析,得出了以下结论:1)田洋玛珥湖湖盆的形成年代为0.73~0.87Ma,首次报道的青桐洋和九斗洋湖盆的形成时代分别为0.82 Ma和0.81~1.08 Ma,它们均属于早更新世晚期到中更新世早期的石峁岭期火山射气喷发形成的。2)田洋、青桐洋和九斗洋玛珥湖基底玄武岩均属于石英拉斑玄武岩。同一时期喷发的石英拉斑玄武岩广泛分布在玛珥湖的周围,这些玄武岩风化的产物以高岭石、三水铝石以及赤铁矿为主,在降水较为充沛的时期,物理或化学风化的产物随地表径流汇入湖盆,是玛珥湖沉积的主要来源。本研究为正在进行的低纬地区更新世轨道尺度季风降水重建提供了基础。  相似文献